Salem, Oregon Businesses Use Cohn Legal for Trademark Services
The trademark lawyers of Cohn Legal, PLLC continuously strive to provide business owners and startups in Salem, Oregon with the best legal advice and strategies to protect their intellectual property. We help our clients with trademark prosecutions, transactional work, and complex contract negotiations. We’re ready to jump into existing deals or help you build your brand from day 1.
Top Questions Salem Businesses Have About Obtaining a Trademark
If I Only Provide My Services in Salem, Oregon, Can I Still Obtain a Federal Trademark?
This is an excellent question. Ultimately, to obtain a federal trademark, it must be used in “interstate-commerce” meaning that your services must be provided in at least two States. If you are presently only providing your services in Salem, Oregon, we can simply file an Intent to Use application; The intent-to-use application allows the applicant to reserve the right to use the trademark once it is ready to be used in inter-state-commerce.
What is a trademark?
A trademark is a form of intellectual property that provides legal protection for words, names, symbols, or devices used to identify and distinguish the goods or services of one party from those of others. It serves as a recognizable sign or indicator that helps consumers identify and associate products or services with a specific source or brand. In essence, a trademark helps consumers make informed choices in the marketplace by conveying information about the quality and origin of the goods or services being offered.
Trademarks can take various forms, including words, logos, slogans, designs, sounds, or even colors. They play a crucial role in building brand recognition, reputation, and customer loyalty. When a trademark is registered, the owner is granted exclusive rights to use that mark in connection with the specified goods or services within the jurisdiction where the registration is obtained.
The primary function of a trademark is to prevent consumer confusion and protect the goodwill associated with a particular brand. By having exclusive rights to a trademark, a business can prevent others from using similar marks that may create confusion among consumers and potentially dilute the brand’s distinctiveness. Trademarks also enable businesses to establish and maintain their unique identity and reputation in the marketplace.
To obtain legal protection for a trademark, it is advisable to register it with the relevant trademark office. However, it is important to note that rights to a trademark can also be established through common law use, even without formal registration. Registration, however, provides several advantages and stronger legal protection, making it an essential step for businesses seeking to safeguard their intellectual property assets.
Is there a difference between a trademark and a service mark?
Yes, there is a distinction between a trademark and a service mark. While both serve similar purposes of identifying and distinguishing the source of goods or services, they are used in different contexts.
A trademark is used to identify and protect goods or products. It applies to tangible items that are sold or manufactured, such as electronics, clothing, or food products. For example, if you see the word “Nike” or the Nike “swoosh” logo on a pair of shoes, it signifies that those shoes are produced by the Nike brand.
On the other hand, a service mark is specifically used to identify and protect services provided by a business or individual. Services are intangible offerings, such as legal services, consulting, or hospitality. For instance, if you see the name “Marriott” and its associated logo in the hospitality industry, it signifies that the services provided, such as hotel accommodations, are associated with the Marriott brand.
While the term “trademark” is often used generically to refer to both goods and services, the specific term “service mark” is used to distinguish marks that are used exclusively to identify services. In practice, however, the registration process and legal protections for trademarks and service marks are similar.
It’s important to note that some jurisdictions, such as the United States, use the term “trademark” to encompass both goods and services. In such cases, the distinction between a trademark and a service mark may be less relevant. However, the underlying concept remains the same – both trademarks and service marks are used to identify and distinguish the source of goods or services in the marketplace.
What’s the difference between the ® and TM symbols?
The ® symbol and the TM symbol are used to indicate the status of a trademark, but they convey different meanings.
The ® symbol, commonly referred to as the “registered trademark symbol,” is used to indicate that a trademark has been registered with the appropriate trademark office in a particular jurisdiction. It provides notice to the public that the trademark is officially registered and enjoys legal protection under the law. The use of the ® symbol is restricted to trademarks that have been granted formal registration by the respective trademark office.
On the other hand, the TM symbol, often referred to as the “trademark symbol,” is used to indicate that a party is claiming rights to a trademark, even if it has not yet been officially registered. It is a common practice to use the TM symbol to assert ownership over a trademark for goods or services, regardless of whether the mark is registered or not. The TM symbol serves as a general notice to others that the mark is being used as a trademark and the user intends to assert rights over it.
While the use of the ® symbol is reserved for registered trademarks, the TM symbol can be used without any formal registration. It is worth noting that the TM symbol does not carry the same legal weight and protection as the ® symbol. However, it still serves as a valuable tool to indicate trademark usage and put others on notice of your claimed rights.
It’s important to use these symbols correctly to avoid misleading consumers or infringing on the rights of others. If you have a registered trademark, it is advisable to use the ® symbol to provide notice of its protected status. If you have an unregistered trademark, you can use the TM symbol to assert your claim over the mark.
How can I determine if a trademark is available?
Determining the availability of a trademark involves conducting a thorough search to assess whether there are conflicting marks already in use or registered. This search helps to minimize the risk of infringing on someone else’s trademark rights and potential legal disputes. Here are a few steps to help you determine the availability of a trademark:
- Preliminary Search: Start with a preliminary search to get an initial idea of existing trademarks. You can search online databases provided by trademark offices, such as the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) or the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). Additionally, conducting general internet searches and checking domain name availability can provide some insights.
- Comprehensive Search: For a more thorough analysis, consider conducting a comprehensive trademark search. This can be done by hiring a professional trademark search firm or working with a trademark attorney who has access to specialized databases and resources. They can perform a comprehensive search, including registered trademarks, pending applications, common law trademarks, and similar marks in relevant industries or classes.
- Trademark Classification: Understand the specific goods or services you plan to offer under the trademark. Trademarks are registered within specific classes or categories related to the nature of the goods or services. Ensure that your search covers the appropriate classes to identify potential conflicts within your industry.
- Review Search Results: Once you have obtained the search results, review them carefully. Look for any marks that are identical or similar to your proposed trademark, particularly in your industry or related fields. Consider factors such as spelling, sound, appearance, and overall commercial impression when evaluating potential conflicts.
- Consult with a Trademark Attorney: It is highly recommended to consult with a trademark attorney who can provide expert guidance based on the search results. They can assess the risk of potential conflicts and advise you on the availability and registrability of your proposed trademark. They can also assist with filing the trademark application and navigating the registration process.
Remember, a comprehensive trademark search is crucial in order to make an informed decision about the availability and viability of your trademark. It is an investment that can save you from potential legal issues down the line and help protect your brand.
Should I register my trademark before I start my business?
It’s highly recommended that you register your trademark before you start your business. Although, there’s no regulation or law that says you must register your trademark.
Registering your trademark protects it against third parties who may try to use your mark or something similar to defraud the public. If your mark is registered, then you can take legal action against anyone who infringes upon your trademark.
Do I need to sell a product or service to obtain a registered trademark?
No, you do not necessarily need to sell a product or service to obtain a registered trademark. In many jurisdictions, including the United States, you can apply for a trademark even if you have not yet started using the mark in commerce.
In such cases, you can file what is called an “intent-to-use” trademark application. This allows you to secure priority for your mark while you are in the process of developing and preparing to launch your product or service. By filing an intent-to-use application, you essentially reserve the trademark for your future use.
However, it’s important to note that you will eventually need to demonstrate actual use of the mark in commerce before your trademark can be registered. Once your intent-to-use application is approved, you will receive a Notice of Allowance, which means that your mark has passed the initial examination and is allowed to proceed towards registration. At this stage, you have a limited period, typically six months, to provide proof of use of the mark in commerce to the trademark office. This proof usually takes the form of a specimen showing the mark in connection with the goods or services.
Therefore, while you can initially apply for a trademark without selling a product or service, you will eventually need to provide evidence of use to obtain the final registration. It’s important to consult with a trademark attorney to understand the specific requirements and timelines for demonstrating use in your jurisdiction.
Applying for a trademark before launching your product or service can be advantageous as it allows you to secure your rights and prevent others from using a similar mark in the meantime. It provides a level of legal protection for your brand even before you enter the market.
If I only provide my services locally, can I still obtain a federal trademark?
Yes, you can still obtain a federal trademark even if you only provide your services locally. In the United States, trademark rights are granted on a federal level through the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). The scope of protection provided by a federal trademark extends throughout the entire country, regardless of whether your services are offered locally or nationally
When you file a trademark application with the USPTO, you are applying for federal registration, which grants you exclusive rights to use the mark in connection with your specified services nationwide. This means that even if your services are limited to a specific geographical area, you can still seek federal protection for your trademark.
It’s important to note that during the trademark application process, you will need to provide evidence of your actual use of the mark in commerce or a bona fide intent to use the mark. If your services are only offered locally at the time of application, you would need to demonstrate your use of the mark in connection with those local services.
Once your federal trademark is registered, it provides several benefits and protections. It establishes a presumption of your ownership and exclusive rights to use the mark nationwide, which can be valuable if you decide to expand your services beyond the local area in the future. Federal registration also grants you the ability to enforce your trademark rights in federal court and seek remedies against potential infringers.
While obtaining a federal trademark provides broader protection, it’s worth noting that there are also state-level trademark registrations available in some jurisdictions. State registrations typically offer protection limited to that specific state, which may be sufficient if your services are confined to a particular locality and you do not have plans for expansion beyond state boundaries.
Consulting with a trademark attorney can help you navigate the process and determine the most appropriate level of protection for your specific business needs.
I’m just a one-person operation. Do I need to register my trademark?
Every business owner, whether they have 5000 employees, 50 employees, or their sole proprietors should register their trademarks with the USPTO. Having a strong trademark protects it against infringement for as long as you continue to use it.
What should I register first: the name of my business or my brand logo?
When deciding whether to register the name of your business or your brand logo first, it’s important to consider the unique aspects and priorities of your business.
In general, it is recommended to prioritize registering the name of your business as a trademark before the brand logo. This is because the name of your business is typically the primary identifier of your brand and is likely to be used in various aspects of your business, including marketing materials, websites, and legal documents. Registering the business name as a trademark provides broader protection for your brand identity.
By registering the name of your business as a trademark, you establish exclusive rights to use that name in connection with the goods or services you provide. This helps prevent others from using a similar name in your industry, reducing the risk of confusion among consumers and protecting the reputation and distinctiveness of your business.
Once you have secured trademark protection for your business name, you can then consider registering your brand logo as a separate trademark. The brand logo, with its unique visual elements, can enhance brand recognition and serve as a valuable asset for marketing and advertising purposes. Registering the brand logo as a trademark provides additional protection for the visual representation of your brand and helps establish a stronger overall brand identity.
It’s worth noting that registering both the business name and the brand logo as trademarks offers comprehensive protection for your brand. It ensures that you have exclusive rights to both the textual and visual elements of your brand identity.
Consulting with a trademark attorney can help you navigate the registration process and make informed decisions regarding the order and strategy of trademark registrations based on your specific business goals and circumstances. They can provide guidance tailored to your needs and assist you in building a strong and legally protected brand.
What is a fanciful trademark?
A fanciful trademark is a type of trademark that consists of a made-up or coined word, or a combination of letters or symbols that have no dictionary meaning or connection to the goods or services being offered. These marks are intentionally created to serve as unique and distinctive identifiers for a brand or business.
Unlike descriptive or generic marks, which directly describe the characteristics or nature of the goods or services, fanciful trademarks are highly distinctive and inherently strong. They have no commonly understood meaning and are typically more easily protectable under trademark law.
Fanciful trademarks often require significant marketing efforts to associate them with the products or services they represent. Since these marks are created words or symbols, they have no inherent meaning or association in the minds of consumers. Therefore, it is the responsibility of the brand owner to establish recognition and build a connection between the mark and the goods or services over time.
Some well-known examples of fanciful trademarks include “Xerox” for copiers, “Kodak” for photography products, and “Google” for internet-related services. These marks were deliberately invented to serve as strong and memorable identifiers, allowing the companies to establish unique brand identities in their respective industries.
Registering a fanciful trademark can provide strong legal protection, as they are considered highly distinctive and less likely to be confused with other marks. However, it is important to conduct a comprehensive trademark search to ensure that the proposed fanciful mark is not already in use or registered by another party. Consulting with a trademark attorney is advisable to navigate the registration process and maximize the chances of securing protection for your fanciful trademark.
Overall, fanciful trademarks offer the advantage of unique and strong brand recognition. They provide a distinct identity for a business or product and can help differentiate it from competitors in the marketplace.
What is TEAS?
TEAS stands for the Trademark Electronic Application System, which is an online platform provided by the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) for filing and managing trademark applications. It is the primary system used for submitting trademark applications, maintaining trademark registrations, and accessing various trademark-related services.
The TEAS system offers several different application forms to accommodate different types of trademark filings. These forms include:
- TEAS Plus: This is the most cost-effective option available for filing a trademark application. It requires the applicant to meet certain specific requirements, such as using pre-approved descriptions of goods and services and agreeing to communicate electronically with the USPTO throughout the application process.
- TEAS RF: This form is used for the renewal of trademark registrations. It allows trademark owners to maintain and renew their existing registrations.
- TEAS Regular: This form is a more flexible option for filing trademark applications. It allows applicants to customize their descriptions of goods and services and provides additional options compared to TEAS Plus.
- TEAS Reduced Fee (TEAS RF): This form is available for certain applicants who meet specific criteria, such as claiming ownership of a prior registration or filing a response to an office action.
The TEAS system simplifies the application process by providing electronic filing, payment, and communication options. It allows applicants to submit their trademark applications online, track the progress of their applications, and receive correspondence from the USPTO electronically. This streamlines the process and reduces the reliance on traditional paper-based filings.
It’s important to note that while the TEAS system facilitates the filing and management of trademark applications, it is still essential to have a thorough understanding of trademark law and requirements. Consulting with a trademark attorney can help ensure the accurate completion of the application and maximize the chances of success in obtaining trademark registration.
Overall, TEAS is a user-friendly online system that provides a convenient and efficient way to file and manage trademark applications with the USPTO.
What are the USPTO’s Rules of Professional Conduct?
All attorneys who appear in front of the USPTO are obligated to follow the USPTO’s Rules of Professional Conduct. These rules ensure that an attorney:
- Has the knowledge and skills to represent you.
- Continued to keep you informed about the status of your trademark matter.
- Do not may false statements (i.e., does not lie) to you or the USPTO.
Make sure that any trademark attorney you hire is aware of the USPTO’s Rules of Professional Conduct.
Am I required to hire an attorney to represent me at the USPTO?
If you are a business owner who is domiciled in the United States or its territories, then there is no requirement that you be represented by an attorney. However, the USPTO strongly recommends you do hire a trademark attorney to help you navigate through trademark registration and other dealings with the USPTO.
If you are a business owner who is domiciled outside of the United States, then the USPTO requires that you hire a U.S.-licensed attorney to represent you.
How long does the trademark application process take?
The duration of the trademark application process can vary depending on several factors, including the jurisdiction where you are filing the application, the complexity of the mark, and the workload of the trademark office. Generally, the trademark application process can take several months to several years to complete. Here is a breakdown of the different stages and their associated timelines:
- Application Filing: The initial step is filing the trademark application with the relevant trademark office. The time it takes to prepare and submit the application depends on the complexity of the mark and the completeness of the required information. This step typically takes a few days to a few weeks.
- Examination: After the application is filed, it goes through an examination process by the trademark office. The examination involves a review of the application to ensure compliance with the requirements and to assess the distinctiveness and registrability of the mark. The duration of the examination phase can vary significantly, ranging from several months to over a year, depending on the backlog and workload of the trademark office.
- Office Actions: If the examiner identifies any issues or objections during the examination, they will issue an office action outlining their concerns and requesting a response from the applicant. The applicant has a specific period, usually around six months, to address the issues raised in the office action. The response time and subsequent examination by the trademark office can add several months to the overall process.
- Publication: Once the application passes the examination stage, it may be published for opposition. This allows third parties to oppose the registration of the mark if they believe it may conflict with their existing rights. The opposition period typically lasts 30 days to several months, during which interested parties can file an opposition. If no opposition is filed, the application moves forward.
- Registration: If there are no oppositions or if an opposition is successfully resolved, the trademark office will proceed with the registration process. This involves issuing a certificate of registration and updating the trademark database. The time it takes to complete the registration stage can range from a few weeks to several months.
It’s important to note that these timelines are approximate and can vary depending on the specific circumstances of each application and the practices of the trademark office. The process can be further delayed if any additional issues, such as legal disputes or objections, arise during the examination or opposition stages.
Working with a trademark attorney can help streamline the process and ensure that the application is properly prepared and managed, potentially reducing delays and increasing the chances of a successful registration.
How long does a trademark last?
Once a trademark is registered, its duration of protection depends on the jurisdiction in which it is registered. In most countries, including the United States, a trademark can last indefinitely as long as it is properly maintained and renewed.
In the United States, a trademark registration initially provides protection for ten years from the date of registration. However, to maintain the registration, the trademark owner must file a declaration of continued use or excusable non-use, along with the required renewal fees, between the fifth and sixth year after the registration date. If the declaration and fees are submitted on time, the registration is renewed for an additional ten-year period.
This process of renewal must be repeated every ten years to keep the trademark registration in effect. As long as the trademark owner continues to use the mark in commerce and fulfills the renewal requirements, the trademark can be indefinitely renewed and maintained.
It’s important to note that maintaining a trademark registration requires ongoing efforts to actively use and enforce the mark. Non-use of the mark for an extended period of time, typically five consecutive years, can lead to the cancellation or abandonment of the registration. Therefore, consistent and proper use of the mark is essential to preserving its protection.
It’s worth mentioning that some jurisdictions have different renewal requirements and durations for trademarks. For example, in the European Union, a trademark registration is initially valid for ten years, and it can be renewed indefinitely for additional ten-year periods without specific use requirements.
To ensure the proper maintenance and renewal of your trademark, it is advisable to work with a trademark attorney who can guide you through the renewal process and help you comply with the necessary requirements of the specific jurisdiction in which your trademark is registered.
Can I use a trademark without registering it?
Yes, you can use a trademark without registering it. Trademark rights can be established through common law use, which means that simply using a mark in connection with your goods or services in commerce can provide you with some level of legal protection. This is known as an unregistered or common law trademark.
Unregistered trademarks can still offer certain benefits and protections, including the ability to prevent others from using a similar mark in the same industry or geographical area. However, it’s important to note that the scope of protection for an unregistered trademark is typically more limited compared to a registered trademark.
The protection for unregistered trademarks is generally restricted to the specific geographic areas where the mark is used and where the mark has acquired reputation or recognition among consumers. This means that the extent of your protection may be limited to the immediate locality or region where you conduct business.
In contrast, a registered trademark provides broader and stronger protection nationwide or within the jurisdiction where it is registered. Registration offers several advantages, such as a legal presumption of ownership, a higher level of protection against infringement, and the ability to recover certain damages in case of infringement.
Registering a trademark with the relevant trademark office provides additional benefits, including the ability to use the ® symbol, which signifies a registered trademark and provides public notice of your ownership rights.
While using an unregistered trademark is legally possible, it is generally advisable to seek registration for valuable marks that you intend to use long-term and to expand your business. Registering a trademark provides a higher level of protection, establishes a public record of your ownership, and strengthens your ability to enforce your rights against potential infringers.
Consulting with a trademark attorney can help you determine the most appropriate course of action based on your specific business needs and goals. They can provide guidance on the advantages and disadvantages of using an unregistered trademark and assist you in the registration process if it aligns with your strategic objectives.
When should I hire a trademark lawyer?
Hiring a trademark lawyer is highly recommended when dealing with trademark matters, as they possess the expertise and knowledge necessary to navigate the complexities of trademark law. Here are some instances when it is particularly advisable to engage the services of a trademark lawyer:
- Trademark Search and Clearance: Before adopting a new trademark or filing a trademark application, it is crucial to conduct a comprehensive search to assess potential conflicts with existing marks. A trademark lawyer can perform or oversee this search, analyze the results, and provide you with an informed opinion on the availability and registrability of your proposed mark.
- Trademark Application: Filing a trademark application involves various legal requirements and strategic decisions. A trademark lawyer can assist you in preparing and filing the application accurately, ensuring compliance with the necessary formalities, and maximizing the chances of successful registration. They can also help determine the appropriate classes of goods or services to include in the application, as well as handle any office actions or objections that may arise during the examination process.
- Trademark Prosecution and Maintenance: Trademark prosecution refers to the process of communicating with the trademark office regarding the status of your application or registration. A trademark lawyer can manage this process, respond to office actions, handle any necessary amendments or arguments, and ensure compliance with all required deadlines for renewals and maintenance filings.
- Trademark Infringement and Enforcement: If your trademark rights are being infringed upon or if you need to enforce your rights against potential infringers, a trademark lawyer can provide valuable guidance. They can assess the strength of your case, develop a legal strategy, and represent your interests in negotiations, cease-and-desist letters, or litigation, if necessary.
- International Trademark Protection: If you are expanding your business globally or seeking international trademark protection, a trademark lawyer with expertise in international trademark law can guide you through the complex process of filing applications, navigating foreign jurisdictions, and managing international trademark portfolios.
- Trademark Portfolio Management: If you have multiple trademarks or plan to develop a robust trademark portfolio, a trademark lawyer can assist in managing and protecting your intellectual property assets. They can provide advice on brand expansion, licensing, franchising, and other strategies to maximize the value and protection of your trademarks.
Overall, hiring a trademark lawyer offers numerous benefits, including expert guidance, protection of your rights, and a higher likelihood of successful outcomes in trademark matters. They have the knowledge and experience to navigate the intricacies of trademark law and can provide tailored advice based on your specific business needs and goals.
What is a trademark’s specimen?
In the context of trademark law, a specimen refers to an actual sample or representation of how a trademark is used in commerce. It is a tangible proof that demonstrates how the mark is associated with the goods or services being offered in the marketplace. Submitting an acceptable specimen is a crucial requirement for obtaining and maintaining a trademark registration.
The purpose of providing a specimen is to show that the trademark is actively used to identify and distinguish the goods or services in the ordinary course of trade. It helps the trademark office and the public understand the manner in which the mark is presented to consumers.
The type of specimen required depends on whether the mark is used in connection with goods or services:
- Specimen for Goods: For trademarks associated with tangible goods, acceptable specimens typically include labels, tags, packaging, containers, or the actual product itself displaying the mark. The specimen should demonstrate that the mark is directly affixed to the goods or their packaging and is visible to consumers during the sale or distribution of the goods.
- Specimen for Services: For trademarks associated with services, acceptable specimens can include advertising materials, brochures, signs, website screenshots, or any other documentation showing the mark being used in connection with the advertised services. The specimen should demonstrate that the mark is associated with the services being offered to consumers.
It’s important to ensure that the submitted specimen accurately represents how the mark is used in commerce. The specimen should clearly display the mark and its association with the specific goods or services. It should reflect the ordinary use of the mark in a manner that would be encountered by consumers in the marketplace.
When filing a trademark application, providing a proper specimen is essential for demonstrating actual use or a bona fide intent to use the mark in commerce. Additionally, during the renewal process, specimens may be required to show continued use of the mark for maintaining the registration.
Working with a trademark attorney can help ensure that you provide appropriate specimens that meet the requirements of the trademark office. They can guide you on the specific requirements and assist in selecting and preparing specimens that accurately represent your mark’s usage
Can I request an expedited approval of my trademark registration?
Yes, it is possible to request an expedited or accelerated approval of a trademark registration under certain circumstances. However, the availability and conditions for expedited processing vary depending on the jurisdiction and the specific procedures of the trademark office.
In the United States, for example, the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) provides a program called the “TEAS Plus” that offers expedited processing for trademark applications. This program requires applicants to meet specific requirements, such as using pre-approved descriptions of goods and services and agreeing to communicate electronically with the USPTO throughout the application process. By meeting these requirements, the applicant can benefit from a faster examination process.
Additionally, in some jurisdictions, there may be specific procedures or programs that allow for expedited processing based on certain criteria. For example, expedited processing may be available for trademarks related to pharmaceuticals, where public health considerations are involved, or for trademarks related to goods or services associated with emergencies or national security.
It’s important to note that expedited processing does not guarantee immediate approval or a faster timeline for every trademark application. The trademark office will still conduct a thorough examination of the application to ensure compliance with all legal requirements. Expedited processing primarily expedites the examination stage, but the overall timeline can still be influenced by factors beyond the control of the applicant or the trademark office.
When considering requesting expedited approval, it is advisable to consult with a trademark attorney familiar with the procedures and requirements of the specific trademark office. They can provide guidance on the eligibility criteria, potential benefits, and associated costs of expedited processing. They can also help assess whether expedited processing is suitable for your specific trademark application based on the circumstances and urgency of your situation.
Can I trademark a phrase?
Yes, it is possible to trademark a phrase under certain circumstances. In trademark law, phrases can be registered as trademarks if they meet the necessary requirements for distinctiveness and eligibility.
To obtain a trademark registration for a phrase, it must meet the following criteria:
- Distinctiveness: The phrase should be distinctive and not merely descriptive of the goods or services being offered. The more unique and creative the phrase, the stronger the chances of obtaining trademark protection. Fanciful, arbitrary, or suggestive phrases tend to be more easily registrable than generic or merely descriptive phrases.
- Use in Commerce: The phrase must be used in commerce in connection with the goods or services for which the trademark protection is sought. It is important to demonstrate that the phrase is actively used as a source identifier in the marketplace.
- Likelihood of Confusion: The phrase should not create a likelihood of confusion with existing trademarks. This means that it should not be confusingly similar to a previously registered trademark for similar or related goods or services.
- Non-Functional: The phrase should not serve a purely functional purpose in relation to the goods or services. It should not be an essential or commonly used term related to the characteristics or function of the products or services.
It is worth noting that obtaining trademark protection for a phrase can be more challenging than for other types of trademarks. This is because phrases are often considered less inherently distinctive and more susceptible to being used by multiple parties in different contexts.
When applying to register a phrase as a trademark, it is recommended to conduct a comprehensive trademark search to ensure there are no conflicting marks already in use or registered. Consulting with a trademark attorney is advisable to navigate the application process, assess the distinctiveness of the phrase, and maximize the chances of successfully obtaining trademark registration for the phrase.
It’s important to note that trademark protection extends to the specific phrase itself and not necessarily to every word within the phrase. Therefore, the distinctiveness and eligibility of each phrase should be evaluated individually.
Can I trademark a logo?
Yes, you can trademark a logo. In fact, logos are one of the most common types of trademarks that are registered. A logo can be a highly effective way to visually represent and distinguish your brand in the marketplace.
To obtain a trademark registration for a logo, it must meet the requirements for trademark eligibility and distinctiveness. Here are some important considerations when seeking trademark protection for a logo:
- Distinctiveness: The logo should have distinctiveness and uniqueness that sets it apart from other logos in the same industry or field. Strong and distinctive logos are more likely to be registrable. Logos that are creative, original, and not merely descriptive of the goods or services tend to have a higher chance of obtaining trademark protection.
- Use in Commerce: The logo must be used in commerce in connection with the goods or services for which the trademark protection is sought. This means the logo should be actively used as a source identifier to identify and distinguish your goods or services in the marketplace.
- Likelihood of Confusion: The logo should not create a likelihood of confusion with existing trademarks. It should not be confusingly similar to a previously registered trademark for similar or related goods or services. The overall impression and visual elements of the logo should be sufficiently distinct from existing logos in the same field.
- Non-Functional: The logo should not serve a purely functional purpose related to the goods or services. It should not be an essential or commonly used design element directly related to the functionality or characteristics of the products or services.
When applying to register a logo as a trademark, it is recommended to conduct a comprehensive trademark search to ensure there are no conflicting marks already in use or registered. Consulting with a trademark attorney is advisable to navigate the application process, assess the distinctiveness of the logo, and maximize the chances of successfully obtaining trademark registration for the logo.
Registering a logo as a trademark provides exclusive rights to use that logo in connection with the specified goods or services, helping to protect the visual identity of your brand and prevent others from using a similar logo that may cause confusion among consumers.
Can I trademark a color?
Yes, it is possible to trademark a color under certain circumstances, although it is generally more challenging to obtain trademark protection for a single color compared to other types of trademarks.
To successfully trademark a color, you must demonstrate that the color has acquired what is known as “secondary meaning” in the minds of consumers. This means that the color has become so strongly associated with your brand or product that it signifies the source of the goods or services, rather than merely being an aesthetic or functional element.
Here are some factors to consider when seeking trademark protection for a color:
- Distinctiveness: The color should be distinctive and not commonly used in the industry or related to the goods or services being offered. A color that is arbitrary or unique in the context of your industry has a higher chance of being considered distinctive.
- Secondary Meaning: You must provide evidence to show that consumers have come to recognize the color as a distinctive identifier of your brand or product. This can be established through extensive and long-term use of the color in connection with your goods or services, extensive advertising and promotion, and consumer surveys demonstrating recognition and association of the color with your brand.
- Functionality: If the color is essential to the functionality or nature of the goods or services, it may not be registrable as a trademark. For example, if the color is commonly used in the industry to indicate a particular feature or characteristic of the goods, it may be considered functional and not protectable as a trademark.
- Trade Dress: If the color is used as part of a specific combination of elements, such as packaging or product design, it may be possible to seek protection as a type of trade dress, which encompasses the overall visual appearance of a product or its packaging.
It’s important to note that trademarking a color is a complex and often challenging process. The level of distinctiveness and acquired secondary meaning required can make it difficult to obtain registration. Consulting with a trademark attorney who has experience in color trademarks can provide valuable guidance and increase the chances of successfully obtaining trademark protection for a color.
Overall, trademarking a color requires a strong showing of distinctiveness and consumer recognition, proving that the color has become inherently associated with your brand or product in the marketplace.
Can I transfer my trademark to someone else?
Yes, it is possible to transfer ownership of a trademark to someone else. Trademark ownership can be transferred through a process called assignment, where the current owner (assignor) transfers their rights in the trademark to another party (assignee). This transfer of ownership can occur voluntarily through an agreement between the parties involved.
To transfer a trademark to someone else, the following steps are typically involved:
- Assignment Agreement: The assignor and assignee need to enter into a written agreement that clearly outlines the terms of the transfer. This agreement, known as an assignment agreement, should include details such as the names and contact information of the parties, a description of the trademark being transferred, and the terms and conditions of the assignment.
- Recordation with Trademark Office: In most jurisdictions, including the United States, it is advisable to record the assignment with the relevant trademark office. This serves as public notice of the transfer and helps establish the new owner’s rights and ownership in the trademark. The trademark office may require the submission of a specific form and payment of a fee to record the assignment.
- Updating Trademark Records: Once the assignment is recorded, it is important to update the trademark records with the new owner’s information. This includes updating the owner’s name and contact details in the trademark office’s database. This ensures that the new owner’s information is accurately reflected in official records and that any future correspondence related to the trademark is directed to the appropriate party.
- Informing Business Partners: It may be necessary to inform relevant business partners, such as licensees or distributors, about the change in ownership to ensure a smooth transition and to update any existing agreements or contracts related to the trademark.
It’s important to consult with a trademark attorney when transferring ownership of a trademark. They can help draft the assignment agreement, ensure compliance with legal requirements, and guide you through the necessary steps to complete the transfer successfully.
Transferring ownership of a trademark allows the assignee to assume all rights and responsibilities associated with the mark, including the exclusive right to use the mark in connection with the specified goods or services. It provides a legal mechanism for the assignor to pass their rights in the trademark to another party.
Can I license my trademark to others?
Yes, you can license your trademark to others. Licensing a trademark involves granting permission to another party to use your trademark in connection with their goods or services, subject to specific terms and conditions outlined in a licensing agreement.
Licensing your trademark can offer various benefits, including:
- Revenue Generation: By licensing your trademark, you can receive royalties or other forms of compensation from the licensee for the authorized use of your trademark. This can provide an additional source of income for your business.
- Brand Expansion: Licensing allows your trademark to be used in new markets or geographic regions where you may not have a presence. This can help expand your brand’s reach and increase brand awareness.
- Quality Control: A well-drafted licensing agreement can include provisions that ensure the quality and consistency of the goods or services bearing your trademark. This helps maintain the reputation and integrity of your brand.
- Collaboration and Partnership: Licensing your trademark can lead to collaborative opportunities and partnerships with other businesses. It allows you to leverage the strengths and resources of the licensee to further enhance your brand’s presence and growth.
When entering into a trademark licensing agreement, it is important to consider the following key elements:
- Scope of the License: Define the specific goods or services the licensee is authorized to use the trademark for and any limitations or exclusions.
- Quality Control: Specify the quality standards and guidelines the licensee must follow to ensure consistency and maintain the reputation of the trademark.
- Duration: Determine the duration of the license, including any renewal or termination provisions.
- Royalties and Compensation: Establish the financial terms, such as royalty rates, payment schedules, and any additional fees associated with the license.
- Territory: Define the geographic area where the licensee is permitted to use the trademark. This can be limited to specific regions or expanded to include international territories.
- Enforcement and Dispute Resolution: Include provisions that address potential trademark infringement issues, dispute resolution mechanisms, and methods of enforcing the terms of the agreement.
Consulting with a trademark attorney is highly recommended when licensing your trademark. They can help draft a comprehensive licensing agreement tailored to your specific needs, ensure compliance with legal requirements, and protect your rights and interests throughout the licensing process.
By licensing your trademark, you can effectively extend the value and reach of your brand while maintaining control over its quality and integrity.
If my trademark is registered in the United States, is it protected in other countries as well?
No, registering your trademark in the United States does not automatically provide protection in other countries. Trademark rights are generally territorial, meaning they are granted on a country-by-country basis. Registering a trademark in the United States only provides protection within the United States.
If you wish to protect your trademark in other countries, you will need to file separate trademark applications in each desired country or consider regional trademark systems, such as the European Union Intellectual Property Office (EUIPO) for protection within the European Union. Each country or region has its own set of requirements and procedures for trademark registration.
There are two main options for seeking trademark protection in foreign countries:
- National Applications: This involves filing individual trademark applications directly with the trademark offices of each country where you seek protection. The applications must comply with the specific requirements and procedures of each jurisdiction.
- International Registration: If you plan to seek protection in multiple countries, you may consider filing an international trademark application under the Madrid System. The Madrid System allows for the centralized filing of trademark applications with the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), which can then be extended to multiple member countries. This streamlines the process and reduces administrative burdens by avoiding the need to file separate applications in each country.
It is important to note that timing is crucial when seeking international trademark protection. In most cases, trademark rights are granted based on the first-to-file principle, meaning that the first person or entity to file a trademark application in a particular country will have priority over subsequent applicants. Therefore, it is advisable to file trademark applications in foreign countries as early as possible to secure your rights and prevent potential conflicts.
Working with a trademark attorney who is knowledgeable in international trademark law can help you navigate the process, assess the best strategy for your specific situation, and ensure compliance with the requirements of each country where you seek protection.
Remember, registering your trademark in the United States only provides protection within the United States, and if international protection is desired, you will need to pursue trademark registration in each country or region of interest.
Is there such a thing as an “International Trademark”?
While there is no single “International Trademark” that provides worldwide protection, there are mechanisms and treaties in place to facilitate trademark protection across multiple countries. These mechanisms aim to streamline the process of seeking trademark protection in different jurisdictions.
The most prominent international trademark system is the Madrid System, administered by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). The Madrid System allows for the filing of an international trademark application, which can be used to seek protection in multiple member countries. It simplifies the process by allowing applicants to file a single application, in one language, with one set of fees, and designate multiple member countries for protection.
The Madrid System operates based on the Madrid Agreement and the Madrid Protocol. The Agreement has been in force since 1891 and is limited to a group of countries that primarily includes European and Latin American countries. The Protocol, which came into effect in 1996, expanded the reach of the system to include many more countries, making it more globally accessible.
Under the Madrid System, an international application can be based on an existing national or regional application or registration, serving as the “home” application or registration. This allows for the centralization and simplification of the filing process, reducing the administrative burden of filing separate applications in each desired country.
It’s important to note that while the Madrid System offers a convenient way to seek trademark protection in multiple countries, it is not a guarantee of automatic registration. Each country designated in the international application will examine the mark according to its own laws and regulations. The registration or refusal of the mark will be determined by the trademark office of each individual country.
Therefore, while the Madrid System provides a centralized filing mechanism, trademark protection is ultimately granted on a country-by-country basis, and the protection obtained will depend on the laws and practices of each specific country.
It’s advisable to work with a trademark attorney experienced in international trademark law to navigate the complexities of the Madrid System, assess the suitability of international protection for your specific needs, and ensure compliance with the requirements of each designated country.
What is the role of an examining attorney?
An examining attorney (a.k.a., examiner) works for the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). The examining attorney’s job is to review trademark applications and approve or deny them.
After receiving the application, the examiner will ensure that it is complete and accurate. If the examiner has questions or needs more information, you’ll receive an Office Action, which will outline what additional questions the examiner has. The examiner will also search the USPTO database for any existing or pending trademarks that are too similar to your mark. If your mark is too similar to an existing or pending mark, then it’ll be denied.
Assuming that your application is in good order and the mark is unique, then the examining attorney will have it printed in the Trademark Official Gazette for a 30-day “opposition” period. During that time, any third party can oppose the approval of your mark if they can prove that your trademark will harm them or their business.
If no oppositions are filed, then the examining attorney will forward your trademark application for final approvals.
What is a trademark office action?
A trademark office action is a written communication issued by the trademark office in response to a trademark application. It serves as an official notification to the applicant regarding issues, objections, or requirements that must be addressed before the trademark can proceed to registration.
When a trademark application is examined by the trademark office, an examiner reviews the application to ensure compliance with legal requirements and assess the distinctiveness and registrability of the mark. If the examiner identifies any issues or objections during the examination, they will issue an office action outlining these concerns.
An office action can be issued for various reasons, including:
- Substantive Issues: The examiner may identify substantive issues with the application, such as a likelihood of confusion with existing trademarks, a lack of distinctiveness, or improper identification or classification of goods or services.
- Procedural Deficiencies: The office action may point out procedural deficiencies in the application, such as incomplete or inaccurate information, missing or improper signatures, or failure to comply with formal requirements.
- Descriptive or Generic Terms: If the examiner determines that the mark is merely descriptive or generic, they may issue an office action requesting additional evidence or arguments to establish distinctiveness.
- Specimen or Use-related Concerns: If the application is based on actual use, the examiner may raise concerns regarding the specimen submitted or the evidence of use provided. They may request additional specimens or clarification on the manner of use to demonstrate the mark’s association with the goods or services.
- Inconsistencies or Ambiguities: The examiner may identify inconsistencies or ambiguities in the application or its supporting documents, such as conflicting claims or unclear descriptions, which need to be addressed.
When an office action is received, it is important to carefully review its contents and understand the specific concerns raised by the examiner. The office action will specify a deadline for responding, usually within a set timeframe, typically six months, from the date of issuance.
To effectively respond to an office action, it is often beneficial to seek the assistance of a trademark attorney. They can help interpret the issues raised, develop a proper response strategy, and prepare a comprehensive and persuasive response to address the examiner’s concerns.
Failing to respond to an office action within the specified deadline or inadequately addressing the concerns raised may result in the application being abandoned or refused. Therefore, it is crucial to take office actions seriously and respond in a timely and accurate manner to maximize the chances of a successful trademark registration.
What should I do if I receive an office action on my trademark application?
Receiving an office action on your trademark application can be a crucial stage in the registration process, requiring careful attention and a proper response. Here are some steps to follow if you receive an office action on your trademark application:
- Review the Office Action: Carefully read the office action to understand the specific issues, objections, or requirements raised by the examiner. Identify the reasons behind the office action, the sections of the application affected, and any deadlines for response.
- Seek Legal Guidance: Consider consulting with a trademark attorney who can provide expert advice and guidance. They will help you assess the office action, understand the implications, and develop an appropriate response strategy.
- Understand the Concerns: Analyze the examiner’s concerns and objections. Identify whether they relate to substantive issues, procedural deficiencies, descriptiveness, specimen or use-related matters, or other issues. This understanding will guide your response strategy.
- Gather Relevant Information: Collect all relevant information and documents related to your trademark application. This includes the original application, any supporting evidence, specimens, or other materials submitted. Organize this information for reference during the response preparation.
- Develop a Response Strategy: With the assistance of your trademark attorney, develop a comprehensive response strategy. This involves addressing each concern raised in the office action, providing clarifications, presenting arguments, and submitting any additional evidence or documentation required.
- Prepare a Well-Crafted Response: Prepare a written response to the office action that clearly and persuasively addresses each issue raised by the examiner. Ensure that your response is accurate, concise, and supported by relevant legal arguments and evidence, if applicable.
- Meet the Deadline: Note the deadline specified in the office action for responding. It is crucial to submit your response within the given timeframe. Failure to respond within the deadline may result in the abandonment or refusal of your application.
- Submit the Response: Once your response is prepared, reviewed, and approved by your trademark attorney, file it with the trademark office according to their specified filing requirements. Pay any necessary fees associated with the response.
- Monitor the Application: After submitting your response, monitor the status of your trademark application. The trademark office will review your response and determine whether it resolves the concerns raised in the office action. Be prepared for further communication or actions from the trademark office, such as additional requirements or a potential approval of your application.
Remember, responding to an office action requires a thoughtful and well-prepared approach. Seeking guidance from a trademark attorney is highly recommended to ensure that your response effectively addresses the examiner’s concerns and maximizes the chances of a successful registration of your trademark.
How do I enforce my trademark rights?
Enforcing your trademark rights is crucial to protect your brand and prevent others from infringing upon your trademark. Here are some steps to take when enforcing your trademark rights:
- Monitor for Infringement: Regularly monitor the marketplace for any unauthorized use of your trademark. This can include conducting online searches, monitoring industry publications, trade shows, and social media platforms to identify potential infringers.
- Gather Evidence: Collect evidence of the infringing use, such as screenshots, photographs, product samples, advertisements, or any other materials that clearly demonstrate the unauthorized use of your trademark.
- Evaluate Infringement: Assess the potential infringement by comparing the unauthorized use with your registered trademark. Determine if the use is likely to cause confusion among consumers regarding the source of the goods or services.
- Cease and Desist Letter: In many cases, sending a cease and desist letter to the infringing party is the first step in enforcing your trademark rights. The letter should state your ownership of the trademark, describe the infringing activities, and demand that the infringer immediately cease using your trademark. Include a deadline for their response.
- Negotiations and Settlement: If the infringing party responds to the cease and desist letter, negotiations for a settlement or resolution may take place. This can involve discussions about discontinuing the infringing use, potentially compensating for damages, or entering into a licensing agreement.
- Litigation: If negotiations and settlements are not successful, or if the infringement persists, you may consider initiating a legal action by filing a trademark infringement lawsuit. Consult with a trademark attorney to assess the viability of legal action and guide you through the litigation process.
- International Enforcement: If the infringement extends beyond your country’s borders, you may need to enforce your trademark rights in other jurisdictions. This typically involves working with local trademark attorneys to navigate the specific laws and procedures of each country.
- Ongoing Brand Protection: Even after taking enforcement actions, it is important to continue monitoring the marketplace for any new instances of infringement. This helps maintain the integrity of your brand and ensures timely action against potential infringers.
Enforcing your trademark rights requires vigilance, prompt action, and, in some cases, legal expertise. Working with a trademark attorney experienced in enforcement matters can provide valuable guidance throughout the process and increase the likelihood of successful resolution. They can help you develop an enforcement strategy, assist in drafting cease and desist letters, negotiate settlements, and, if necessary, represent you in legal proceedings to protect and defend your trademark rights.
Why Trademark Registration Matters for Salem Businesses
Salem, Oregon is a diverse city that’s known for its friendly population. At any given time, the residents of Salem can be found exploring old-growth forests, wandering through museums, or enjoying the downtown arts and culinary scene.
Anyone who wants to start a small business in Salem has a good chance at success, but they must be sure to register their trademarks as soon as possible. If they don’t, they may face devastating consequences down the line.
Imagine the following: Peter is a long-time resident of Salem, Oregon. He’s come up with a new, all-natural bug and mosquito repellent. His formula uses no harsh chemicals or toxic substances, which he knows are important to the residents of Salem.
He decides to go into business for himself treating the lawns and gardens of Salem with his new product. Peter names his new business Green Earth Pest Control. Peter knows that he can’t use that name if someone else is already using it. A quick search on Google reveals that no one in the Salem, Oregon area is using the name so Peter decides he can use it.
Peter spends the next few months hard at work. He creates a business plan, prints marketing materials, creates a website, and advertises his services in papers. He even buys a new van and gets his new logo airbrush on the side.
Peter starts to get calls from Salem residents after his ads hit local papers. His customers are thrilled with the results and they start to tell their friends. Soon enough, Peter has more work than he can handle. He’s starting to think he may need to hire some help.
However, before Peter can place the help wanted ads, he gets some upsetting news in the form of a cease-and-desist letter. It just so happens that another pest control company in Seattle has a very similar name to Peter’s business, Greener Earth Pest Control. However, the Seattle company trademarked their name years ago. That means they have every right to ask Peter to shut down his business and rebrand before he starts operating again. Peter knows that this will be a time-consuming and expensive process.
It’s never a good idea to rely on a Google search to determine if your desired trademark is available for use. A Google search may only pull up exact matches, but not names that are similar to your mark. Your best bet is to consult with a trademark attorney during the initial stages of starting your new venture.
If you have questions about trademark registration, then contact the attorneys at Cohn Legal for a no-cost trademark consultation.
**Cohn Legal, PLLC is not located in Salem and yet it can assist businesses from Oregon in registering a federal Trademark because trademarks are governed under federal law.