Trademark Attorney Services
for Norfolk VA
Companies.

Norfolk, Virginia Businesses Use Cohn Legal for Trademark Services

Abe Cohn is the Managing Partner of Cohn Legal, PLLC. Serving Norfolk, Virginia companies, Abe loves working with startups and entrepreneurs and relishes the opportunity to help companies build businesses and brands from the ground up. At the end of the day, Abe strives to make his clients’ lives easier.

---

Top Questions Norfolk Businesses Have About Obtaining a Trademark

If I Only Provide My Services in Norfolk, Virginia, Can I Still Obtain a Federal Trademark?

This is an excellent question. Ultimately, to obtain a federal trademark, it must be used in “interstate-commerce” meaning that your services must be provided in at least two States. If you are presently only providing your services in Norfolk, Virginia, we can simply file an Intent to Use application; The intent-to-use application allows the applicant to reserve the right to use the trademark once it is ready to be used in inter-state-commerce.

What is a trademark?

A trademark is a distinctive symbol, word, phrase, design, or combination thereof that is used to identify and distinguish the goods or services of one party from those of others in the marketplace. It serves as a form of intellectual property protection and helps consumers recognize and associate the source or origin of a product or service. Trademarks can take various forms, such as brand names, logos, slogans, or even specific product packaging.

A trademark can be registered with the appropriate governmental authority to obtain additional legal rights and protections. However, even without registration, a business may still have some level of common law trademark rights based on actual use in commerce.

The main purpose of a trademark is to prevent confusion among consumers by ensuring that they can identify and differentiate between competing products or services. When consumers see a trademark, they should be able to associate it with a particular brand and have certain expectations regarding the quality and characteristics of the goods or services associated with that mark.

It’s important to note that a trademark is not the same as a copyright or a patent. Copyright protects original works of authorship, such as literary, artistic, or musical creations, while patents protect inventions and new technological processes.

In summary, a trademark is a recognizable sign or symbol that helps consumers identify and distinguish the goods or services of one business from those of others. It plays a crucial role in branding and protecting intellectual property rights.

Is there a difference between a trademark and a service mark?

Yes, there is a distinction between a trademark and a service mark. While both serve the same purpose of identifying and distinguishing the source of goods or services, they are used in different contexts.

A trademark is used to identify and distinguish goods, which are tangible products or merchandise, such as clothing, electronics, or furniture. On the other hand, a service mark is specifically used to identify and distinguish services provided by a business, rather than physical products. Services can include things like legal advice, consulting, entertainment, or healthcare.

The distinction between a trademark and a service mark is primarily relevant to the type of business and the nature of the offerings. For example, a clothing brand would typically use a trademark to protect its brand name, logo, or specific designs on clothing items. Conversely, a law firm would use a service mark to protect its brand name, logo, or slogan associated with legal services it provides.

In practice, however, the term “trademark” is often used as a general term that encompasses both trademarks and service marks. The registration process and legal protections for trademarks and service marks are generally the same.

What’s the difference between the ® and TM symbols?

The ® symbol, often referred to as the “registered trademark symbol,” is used to indicate that a trademark has been registered with the appropriate governmental authority, such as the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). This symbol can only be used once a trademark has completed the registration process and has been officially granted registration rights. It provides notice to the public that the trademark is registered and enjoys legal protections.

On the other hand, the TM symbol is used to indicate that a party is claiming rights to a trademark, whether or not it is registered. This symbol can be used even if a trademark application is pending or if the mark is protected under common law rights. It serves as a general notice to the public that the party considers the mark to be their trademark and asserts rights over it.

The use of the ® symbol without a valid registration is improper and can result in legal consequences. It is important to note that the availability and use of these symbols may vary depending on the country’s trademark laws. In some jurisdictions, alternative symbols may be used instead of ® or TM.

It’s worth mentioning that proper use of these symbols helps reinforce the ownership and protection of a trademark. If a trademark is registered, it is advisable to use the ® symbol to provide clear notice to others that the mark is legally protected.

I did an internet search for my desired trademark. Is that sufficient?

Simply conducting a trademark search to find if your desired trademark is available for use is not sufficient. Most internet searches will identify exact trademark matches, such as identical business names or identical product names. Most trademark issues, however, come from a trademark that may be similar to another but isn’t an exact match. The trademark attorneys at Cohn Legal can provide you with a much more comprehensive search that will increase the chances that your desired mark gets improved.

How can I determine if a trademark is available?

Before using or registering a trademark, it’s crucial to conduct a thorough trademark search to determine if the mark is available for use and registration. Here are some steps you can take to assess the availability of a trademark:

1. Preliminary Search: Start by conducting a preliminary search to identify potential conflicts. You can search online databases, such as the USPTO’s Trademark Electronic Search System (TESS), which provides access to the US federal trademark database. Additionally, you can search commercial trademark databases, domain name registries, and perform general web searches to identify existing marks that may be similar to your proposed trademark.
2. Trademark Clearance Search: Once you have completed the preliminary search and identified potential conflicts, it is advisable to conduct a comprehensive trademark clearance search. This search is typically performed by professional trademark search firms or attorneys experienced in trademark law. They have access to more extensive databases and resources, enabling them to conduct a thorough search across various jurisdictions and identify potentially conflicting marks.
3. Review Trademark Classes: Trademarks are categorized into specific classes based on the type of goods or services they represent. During your search, consider trademarks in the same or related classes to assess the potential for confusion or conflict.
4. Consult with a Trademark Attorney: Consulting with a qualified trademark attorney is highly recommended. They can provide legal advice, assess the results of the trademark search, and guide you on the best course of action. An attorney can help you understand the complexities of trademark law, evaluate potential risks, and provide guidance on the registration process.
5. Monitor Trademark Applications: Even if your search indicates no conflicts, it’s prudent to periodically monitor new trademark applications that are filed. This ensures that no conflicting marks are registered after your search is conducted.

Remember, conducting a comprehensive trademark search is crucial to mitigate the risk of infringing on someone else’s trademark rights. It is advisable to seek professional guidance to ensure a thorough search and accurate assessment of the availability of your desired trademark.

My competitor didn’t trademark their logo. Can I register it for myself?

You can certainly try to trademark it for yourself, but it’s not guaranteed that you will get it. Keep in mind that even though the mark has not been federally registered yet, it may be protected under “common law” rules, which gives businesses certain rights to a mark if they’ve been using it commercially but have yet to register it with the USPTO. Speak to a trademark attorney about the advantages and disadvantages of trying to register a competitor’s mark.

Do I need to sell a product or service to obtain a registered trademark?

No, you do not necessarily need to sell a product or service to obtain a registered trademark. Trademark protection can be sought for both actual use in commerce and intent to use.

If you are already using a trademark in connection with your goods or services in commerce, you can file for a trademark registration based on actual use. This means you are actively using the mark in the marketplace to identify and distinguish your products or services.

On the other hand, if you have a bona fide intention to use a trademark in the future, you can file for a trademark application based on intent to use. This allows you to secure priority over others who may attempt to use a similar mark while you are preparing to launch your products or services. However, it’s important to note that you will eventually need to provide evidence of actual use in commerce before the trademark registration is granted.

The intent-to-use application requires a bona fide intention to use the mark in commerce, and you must demonstrate that you have taken concrete steps toward using the mark, such as product development, marketing plans, or securing business permits.

In summary, while actual use in commerce is a typical requirement for obtaining a registered trademark, an intent-to-use application allows you to secure rights for a mark that you plan to use in the future. Consulting with a trademark attorney can provide you with guidance on the best strategy based on your specific circumstances.

If I only provide my services locally, can I still obtain a federal trademark?

Yes, you can still obtain a federal trademark even if you only provide your services locally. The scope of protection provided by a federal trademark registration extends beyond the specific geographic location where the services are offered. While local use may establish common law rights in your area, obtaining a federal trademark registration provides additional benefits and protections.

When you register a trademark with the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO), it grants you exclusive rights to use the mark nationwide in connection with the specified goods or services. This means that even if you primarily provide services locally, you have the ability to expand your business geographically in the future without infringing on another party’s trademark rights.

Obtaining a federal trademark registration provides several advantages:

1. Nationwide Protection: A federal trademark registration provides protection throughout the entire United States, regardless of the specific geographic area where you offer your services. This allows you to prevent others from using confusingly similar marks in any part of the country.
2. Enhanced Legal Remedies: With a federal registration, you have access to additional legal remedies in case of trademark infringement. This includes the ability to bring a lawsuit in federal court and potentially recover damages, injunctions, and attorney’s fees.
3. Deterrence and Brand Recognition: A registered trademark with the ® symbol can deter others from adopting similar marks, even if they operate in different locations. It helps establish your brand’s credibility, strengthens brand recognition, and can be valuable for marketing and business development.
4. Licensing and Expansion Opportunities: A federal registration can make it easier to license your trademark to others and expand your services beyond your local area. It provides a stronger foundation for establishing partnerships, franchising, or entering new markets.

In summary, even if you currently provide services locally, obtaining a federal trademark registration can offer significant benefits and protection. It provides nationwide rights, legal remedies, and opportunities for future growth and expansion. Consulting with a trademark attorney can help you understand the process and requirements for obtaining a federal registration based on your specific circumstances.

What should I register first: the name of my business or my brand logo?

When considering what to register first, it is generally advisable to register the name of your business before the brand logo, especially if the name serves as the primary identifier of your products or services. Registering the name provides broader protection and allows you to establish a strong foundation for your brand.

The name of your business is often the key element that customers will associate with your products or services. It helps create brand recognition and establishes your presence in the marketplace. By registering the business name as a trademark, you secure exclusive rights to use that name in connection with your goods or services, preventing others from using a similar name that could cause confusion.

Once you have registered the business name as a trademark, you can then consider registering your brand logo as a separate trademark. The logo may have additional elements, such as graphics or design elements, that make it visually distinctive. Registering the logo as a trademark provides specific protection for that visual representation of your brand.

Registering both the name and logo as trademarks offers comprehensive protection for your brand identity. It allows you to safeguard both the verbal and visual aspects that customers associate with your business.

However, it’s important to note that the specific circumstances of your business may impact the order in which you choose to register. If the logo is the primary source of recognition for your brand, or if it is highly distinctive and unique, you may prioritize registering the logo first. Ultimately, it’s best to consult with a trademark attorney who can assess your specific situation and provide guidance on the most effective trademark registration strategy for your business.

What is a merely descriptive trademark?

You may not be able to register your trademark because it is considered to be “merely descriptive” by the USPTO. That means your mark simply describes a function, feature, purpose, or characteristic of the product being manufactured.

For example, you wouldn’t be able to brand your pretzels as “salty and crunchy” as those are two words that describe the characteristics of any pretzel. All pretzel manufacturers should have access to these common words to describe their products.

What is a fanciful trademark?

A fanciful trademark is a type of trademark that is created by inventing a completely new word or term that has no prior meaning or association with the goods or services being offered. Fanciful trademarks are considered to be the strongest and most distinctive type of trademarks, as they are inherently unique and have a high level of inherent distinctiveness.

These types of trademarks are often coined or fabricated words that are specifically created to serve as a brand identifier. Examples of fanciful trademarks include Kodak, Xerox, Exxon, and Google. These words did not have any meaning prior to being adopted as trademarks and are solely associated with the respective companies and their products or services.

The advantage of using a fanciful trademark is that it is highly distinctive and memorable. Since the term is unique and unrelated to any existing words, it is less likely to be confused with other trademarks in the marketplace. Fanciful trademarks also have a greater potential to become strong and recognizable brands over time.

When choosing a fanciful trademark, it is important to consider factors such as its ease of pronunciation, memorability, and appropriateness for your specific industry or market. Conducting a thorough trademark search is crucial to ensure that the fanciful mark you choose is not already in use or registered by another party.

Registering a fanciful trademark provides the highest level of legal protection, as it is more likely to be considered inherently distinctive and less likely to face objections during the registration process. However, it’s always recommended to consult with a trademark attorney who can guide you through the selection and registration of a fanciful trademark to ensure compliance with trademark laws and maximize the strength of your brand.

What is TEAS?

TEAS stands for the Trademark Electronic Application System. It is an online platform provided by the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) that allows applicants to file and manage trademark applications electronically. TEAS streamlines the trademark application process, making it more efficient and accessible.

The TEAS system offers different filing options depending on the type of trademark application you are submitting:

1. TEAS Plus: This option provides a reduced filing fee but requires strict adherence to certain requirements. To qualify for TEAS Plus, the applicant must agree to use only pre-approved descriptions of goods and services, select from pre-defined filing bases, and submit all documents and correspondence through the electronic system.
2. TEAS RF: This option is available for applications based on a foreign registration or pending application under Section 44(d) or 66(a) of the U.S. Trademark Act. It allows applicants to register their marks in the United States based on an existing foreign registration or application.
3. TEAS Regular: This option allows for more flexibility in terms of filing requirements and descriptions of goods and services, but the filing fee is higher compared to TEAS Plus.

Through the TEAS system, applicants can complete various trademark-related tasks, such as filing initial applications, responding to office actions, submitting statements of use, and monitoring the status of their applications. It offers a user-friendly interface and electronic payment options, making the process more convenient and efficient.

It’s important to note that while TEAS facilitates the filing and management of trademark applications, it is still advisable to seek the guidance of a trademark attorney to ensure the accuracy and compliance of your application. An attorney can provide valuable insights, assist with the selection of appropriate filing options, and help navigate any complexities that may arise during the application process.

How long does the trademark application process take?

The length of the trademark application process can vary depending on several factors, including the complexity of the application, the responsiveness of the applicant, and the workload of the trademark office. Generally, the timeline for the trademark application process can range from several months to over a year.

Here is an overview of the different stages involved in the trademark application process:

1. Filing the Application: The initial step is filing the trademark application with the appropriate trademark office, such as the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) in the United States. The application is reviewed for compliance and completeness.
2. Examination and Office Actions: After the application is filed, it undergoes examination by a trademark examiner. The examiner reviews the application to ensure compliance with the relevant trademark laws and examines the mark for potential conflicts with existing trademarks. If any issues are identified, the examiner issues an office action detailing the reasons for refusal or requesting additional information or amendments.
3. Response to Office Actions: If an office action is issued, the applicant must respond within the designated timeframe, usually six months. The response must address the examiner’s concerns or objections and provide supporting evidence or arguments, if necessary.
4. Publication: If the application overcomes all objections, it moves to the publication stage. The mark is published in the official gazette or trademark journal, giving third parties an opportunity to oppose the registration if they believe it may infringe upon their existing rights. The publication period typically lasts for 30 days.
5. Registration or Further Actions: If no oppositions are filed during the publication period or any oppositions are successfully resolved, the trademark application moves towards registration. The applicant may need to submit additional documents, such as a statement of use or specimen of the mark, depending on the type of application.

The timeframe for each stage can vary. Generally, it can take several months to receive a response to an office action, and the overall process from filing to registration can take around 9 to 12 months or longer. However, it’s important to note that these timeframes are approximate and can be influenced by various factors.

To navigate the trademark application process efficiently, it is advisable to consult with a trademark attorney. They can guide you through the process, provide strategic advice, help prepare responses to office actions, and ensure compliance with trademark laws, increasing the chances of a successful registration.

How long does the trademark application process take?

The length of the trademark application process can vary depending on several factors, including the complexity of the application, the responsiveness of the applicant, and the workload of the trademark office. Generally, the timeline for the trademark application process can range from several months to over a year.

Here is an overview of the different stages involved in the trademark application process:

1. Filing the Application: The initial step is filing the trademark application with the appropriate trademark office, such as the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) in the United States. The application is reviewed for compliance and completeness.
2. Examination and Office Actions: After the application is filed, it undergoes examination by a trademark examiner. The examiner reviews the application to ensure compliance with the relevant trademark laws and examines the mark for potential conflicts with existing trademarks. If any issues are identified, the examiner issues an office action detailing the reasons for refusal or requesting additional information or amendments.
3. Response to Office Actions: If an office action is issued, the applicant must respond within the designated timeframe, usually six months. The response must address the examiner’s concerns or objections and provide supporting evidence or arguments, if necessary.
4. Publication: If the application overcomes all objections, it moves to the publication stage. The mark is published in the official gazette or trademark journal, giving third parties an opportunity to oppose the registration if they believe it may infringe upon their existing rights. The publication period typically lasts for 30 days.
5. Registration or Further Actions: If no oppositions are filed during the publication period or any oppositions are successfully resolved, the trademark application moves towards registration. The applicant may need to submit additional documents, such as a statement of use or specimen of the mark, depending on the type of application.

The timeframe for each stage can vary. Generally, it can take several months to receive a response to an office action, and the overall process from filing to registration can take around 9 to 12 months or longer. However, it’s important to note that these timeframes are approximate and can be influenced by various factors.

To navigate the trademark application process efficiently, it is advisable to consult with a trademark attorney. They can guide you through the process, provide strategic advice, help prepare responses to office actions, and ensure compliance with trademark laws, increasing the chances of a successful registration.

How long does a trademark last?

Once a trademark is registered, its duration is not limited. Trademark rights can last indefinitely as long as the mark continues to be used in commerce and the necessary maintenance filings and fees are submitted on time.

In the United States, trademark registrations are initially valid for ten years from the date of registration. However, between the fifth and sixth year after registration, an additional filing called a Section 8 Declaration of Use must be submitted to affirm that the mark is still in use in commerce. At this time, a Section 15 Declaration of Incontestability may also be filed to strengthen the mark’s protection against certain legal challenges.

Subsequent to the initial ten-year term, trademark registrations must be renewed every ten years. The renewal process requires the submission of a Section 8 Declaration of Use, along with the payment of the renewal fee. As long as the trademark continues to be used and the maintenance filings and fees are properly submitted, the registration can be renewed indefinitely.

It is crucial to actively use and protect your trademark throughout its lifespan to maintain its validity and enforceability. Failure to use the mark consistently in commerce or to meet the required maintenance filings and fees may result in the cancellation or abandonment of the trademark registration.

Keep in mind that trademark laws and renewal procedures may vary in different countries, so it’s important to consult with a trademark attorney or seek guidance from the appropriate trademark office to ensure compliance with the specific regulations governing the duration and maintenance of trademarks in your jurisdiction.

In summary, a trademark can last indefinitely as long as it continues to be used in commerce and the necessary maintenance filings and fees are submitted. Proper use, protection, and adherence to renewal requirements are essential to maintain the validity and enforceability of a trademark registration.

Can I use a trademark without registering it?

Yes, you can use a trademark without registering it. Trademark rights can be established through actual use of the mark in commerce, even without formal registration. These rights are commonly referred to as common law rights.

When you use a trademark to identify your goods or services in the marketplace, you automatically acquire some level of common law trademark rights. These rights generally extend to the geographic area where you are using the mark and where customers recognize it as a source identifier for your products or services.

While common law rights provide some level of protection, they are limited compared to the benefits offered by a registered trademark. Registration provides several advantages, including:

1. Enhanced Protection: A registered trademark grants you a presumption of ownership and exclusive nationwide rights to use the mark in connection with the specified goods or services. This allows you to prevent others from using a confusingly similar mark, even outside your local area.
2. Notice to Others: By registering your trademark, you provide public notice of your claim to the mark. This can deter others from adopting a similar mark and helps to establish your brand’s identity and reputation.
3. Legal Benefits: With a registered trademark, you have the ability to file lawsuits in federal court to enforce your rights and potentially recover damages, injunctions, and attorney’s fees. Registration also provides a basis for international protection and enforcement.
4. Brand Recognition and Value: A registered trademark carries more weight and can enhance the recognition and value of your brand. It can make it easier to establish partnerships, license the mark to others, and expand your business.

While registration is not a requirement to use a trademark, it is highly recommended to seek trademark registration if you plan to develop and grow your brand. Consulting with a trademark attorney can help you understand the benefits of registration, assess the availability of the mark, and guide you through the registration process to maximize the protection of your intellectual property rights.

When should I hire a trademark lawyer?

Hiring a trademark lawyer is highly recommended at various stages of the trademark process to ensure that your rights are properly protected and to navigate the complexities of trademark law. Here are some instances when it is advisable to consult with a trademark lawyer:

1. Trademark Search and Clearance: Before adopting a new trademark or filing a trademark application, it is essential to conduct a comprehensive trademark search to assess the availability of the mark and potential risks of infringement. A trademark lawyer can help perform a thorough search, analyze the results, and provide guidance on the likelihood of success and potential conflicts.
2. Trademark Application: When preparing and filing a trademark application, a lawyer can assist with the preparation of the application, including the identification of the goods or services, the selection of the appropriate filing basis, and the proper classification of the mark. They can ensure that the application is accurately completed and compliant with the requirements of the trademark office.
3. Office Actions and Responses: If you receive an office action from the trademark office, which is a formal communication raising issues or objections to your application, a trademark lawyer can review the office action, provide legal advice on how to respond, and help draft a persuasive response to address the examiner’s concerns.
4. Oppositions and Litigation: If your trademark application faces opposition from another party or if you need to enforce or defend your trademark rights in court, a trademark lawyer can represent your interests in opposition proceedings or litigation. They can navigate the legal complexities, gather evidence, present arguments, and protect your rights.
5. Trademark Portfolio Management: If you have a portfolio of trademarks, a lawyer can assist with managing and protecting your trademarks, including monitoring for potential infringements, renewing registrations, and providing ongoing advice on trademark use, licensing, and enforcement.

Trademark law is intricate, and a misstep in the trademark process can have serious consequences, including potential loss of rights, disputes, or legal liabilities. A qualified trademark lawyer can provide valuable expertise, help you make informed decisions, and protect your intellectual property rights throughout the trademark lifecycle.

It is important to engage a trademark lawyer with experience in intellectual property law and trademark matters to ensure that you receive accurate and tailored advice based on your specific circumstances.

What is a trademark’s specimen?

A trademark specimen is a sample or example of how the trademark is actually used in commerce to identify and distinguish the goods or services. It serves as evidence to demonstrate that the mark is being used in a consistent and bona fide manner.

When submitting a trademark application, it is generally required to provide a specimen to show how the mark is used in connection with the goods or services. The purpose of the specimen is to prove that the mark is not merely an idea or concept, but a tangible representation that is associated with the actual products or services in the marketplace.

The type of specimen required depends on whether the mark is used for goods or services

1. Goods Specimen: If the mark is used for goods, an acceptable specimen may include labels, tags, packaging, product displays, or photographs showing the mark directly on the goods themselves. The specimen should clearly display the mark in a manner that consumers would encounter in the ordinary course of purchasing or using the goods.
2. Services Specimen: If the mark is used for services, acceptable specimens may include advertising materials, brochures, business cards, website screenshots, or photographs showing the mark in connection with the provision of the services. The specimen should demonstrate the mark being used in a way that directly identifies and promotes the services being offered.

It’s important to note that the specimen must accurately represent the actual use of the mark in commerce. It should clearly display the mark in a manner that consumers can readily associate with the goods or services and understand its source or origin.

When preparing a trademark application, consulting with a trademark attorney can help ensure that the specimen requirements are met and that the submitted evidence adequately supports the use of the mark. An attorney can guide you on the appropriate type of specimen to submit and assist in presenting a strong case to the trademark office.

Can I request an expedited approval of my trademark registration?

Yes, it is possible to request expedited or accelerated processing of a trademark registration under certain circumstances. The United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) offers an expedited examination program called the “TEAS Plus” option, which allows applicants to potentially receive a faster review of their trademark application.

TEAS Plus is a streamlined filing option that requires adherence to specific requirements and pre-approved descriptions of goods and services. By choosing this option and providing all necessary information accurately, applicants may expedite the examination process.

However, it’s important to note that expedited examination does not guarantee immediate approval. The examination process still involves a review by a trademark examiner, and the timeline can vary depending on the workload of the USPTO and the complexity of the application.

In addition to expedited examination under the TEAS Plus option, there are other situations in which expedited processing may be available:

1. Petition to Make Special: In some cases, an applicant may be eligible for expedited processing by filing a Petition to Make Special. These petitions are typically based on specific criteria, such as age or health of the applicant, pending litigation that depends on the trademark registration, or other exceptional circumstances.
2. Intent-to-Use Basis: If your application is based on an intent-to-use basis, you can potentially accelerate the examination by filing a Statement of Use (SOU) sooner than required. This demonstrates to the USPTO that you are actively working towards using the mark in commerce and can help expedite the registration process.

It’s important to note that expedited processing options may have additional requirements, and the decision to request expedited review should be carefully considered based on the specific circumstances of your application. Consulting with a trademark attorney can help assess your eligibility for expedited processing and guide you through the appropriate steps to expedite the approval of your trademark registration.

Can I trademark a phrase?

Yes, it is possible to trademark a phrase under certain circumstances. However, not all phrases are eligible for trademark protection. To be eligible for trademark registration, a phrase must meet specific requirements.

The key factors to consider when seeking to trademark a phrase are distinctiveness and potential for consumer confusion. A phrase that is unique, distinctive, and serves as a source identifier for goods or services may be eligible for trademark protection.

There are different types of phrases that can be considered for trademark registration:

1. Slogan or Tagline: A memorable and distinctive phrase used in advertising or marketing campaigns to promote a brand or product. Examples include Nike’s “Just Do It” or McDonald’s “I’m Lovin’ It.”
2. Catchphrase: A phrase that becomes associated with a particular character, celebrity, or show. Examples include Austin Powers’ “Yeah, baby, yeah!” or Bart Simpson’s “Eat My Shorts.”
3. Advertising Jingle: A short musical phrase or slogan used in advertising. Examples include the Intel “Intel Inside” jingle or the State Farm “Like a Good Neighbor” jingle.

To successfully register a phrase as a trademark, it must meet the following requirements:

1. Distinctiveness: The phrase should be unique and distinctive, standing out from common or generic phrases. Highly distinctive phrases, such as fanciful or coined terms, have a higher chance of being registered.
2. Use in Commerce: The phrase must be used in connection with specific goods or services in commerce. It should be associated with the products or services and act as a source identifier.
3. No Likelihood of Confusion: The phrase should not be confusingly similar to an existing registered trademark or pending application. It should not cause confusion among consumers regarding the source or origin of the goods or services.

When considering trademarking a phrase, conducting a comprehensive trademark search is essential to identify any potential conflicts or similar marks already in use.

Consulting with a trademark attorney can help assess the distinctiveness and registrability of your phrase, guide you through the application process, and ensure compliance with trademark laws. They can provide valuable insights and help you navigate the complexities to increase the chances of a successful trademark registration for your phrase.

Can I trademark a logo?

Yes, you can trademark a logo. In fact, logos are one of the most common types of trademarks that businesses seek to protect. A logo serves as a visual representation of your brand and helps distinguish your goods or services from those of others in the marketplace.

To successfully register a logo as a trademark, it must meet certain requirements:

1. Distinctiveness: Like any trademark, a logo should be unique and distinctive to the goods or services it represents. Highly distinctive logos that are creative, original, and not commonly used have a better chance of being registered.
2. Use in Commerce: The logo must be used in connection with specific goods or services in commerce. It should be associated with your products or services and serve as a source identifier.
3. No Likelihood of Confusion: The logo should not be confusingly similar to an existing registered trademark or pending application. It should not cause confusion among consumers regarding the source or origin of the goods or services.

When filing a trademark application for a logo, it is important to provide a clear representation of the logo. This is typically done by submitting a digital image of the logo in the application. The image should accurately depict the design, colors, and overall appearance of the logo.

It’s worth noting that a logo can be registered as a standard character mark or as a stylized/design mark. A standard character mark provides broader protection for the textual elements of the logo, allowing for variations in font, size, and color. A stylized/design mark provides protection for the specific visual design elements of the logo.

To ensure a successful trademark registration for your logo, conducting a comprehensive trademark search is recommended to identify any potential conflicts with existing trademarks. Consulting with a trademark attorney can provide guidance on the registrability of your logo, assist in preparing the application, and help navigate any complexities that may arise during the registration process.

Can I trademark a color?

Yes, it is possible to trademark a color under certain circumstances, but it can be more challenging compared to traditional trademarks like words or logos. Trademarking a color requires the color to have acquired distinctiveness or secondary meaning in the marketplace, indicating that consumers associate the color specifically with your goods or services.

To successfully trademark a color, you must demonstrate that the color has become distinctive as a source identifier and is not merely functional or essential to the product or service. Here are some examples and considerations related to color trademarks:

1. Product Packaging: Color trademarks are more commonly associated with product packaging. For example, the specific shade of brown used by UPS for its delivery trucks and uniforms has been recognized as a distinctive color trademark.
2. Industry Practices: In certain industries, specific colors have become strongly associated with particular brands. For instance, the vibrant Tiffany Blue color used by Tiffany & Co. for its jewelry packaging has become closely linked to the brand.
3. Multiple Colors: Trademark protection may extend to combinations of colors or a specific arrangement of colors. However, establishing distinctiveness for multi-color marks can be more challenging compared to single-color marks.

It’s important to note that color trademarks can face greater scrutiny during the application process, and the burden of proof is higher to establish distinctiveness. Detailed evidence demonstrating consumer recognition and association of the color with your brand or product is essential.

When considering a color trademark, it is advisable to consult with a trademark attorney who can assess the distinctiveness and registrability of the color in your specific industry or market. They can guide you through the application process, help gather the necessary evidence, and provide legal advice to increase the chances of a successful color trademark registration.

It’s worth mentioning that color trademarks are generally more difficult to obtain and enforce compared to other types of trademarks. However, in certain cases where distinctiveness and consumer recognition can be clearly established, a color trademark can provide a valuable tool for protecting and distinguishing your brand.

Can I transfer my trademark to someone else?

Yes, trademark ownership can be transferred or assigned to another party through a trademark assignment. A trademark assignment is a legal document that transfers the rights, title, and interest in a trademark from one entity to another.

Trademark assignments can occur in various situations:

1. Sale or Transfer of Business: When selling a business, it is common to transfer the associated trademarks along with other assets. The trademark assignment document will outline the specific terms and conditions of the transfer, including the rights being transferred and any restrictions or limitations.
2. Licensing Arrangements: Trademark owners may enter into licensing agreements with other parties, allowing them to use the trademark under specific terms and conditions. These licenses can be exclusive or non-exclusive, and the trademark assignment will specify the scope of the license granted.
3. Corporate Restructuring: During mergers, acquisitions, or reorganizations, trademark ownership may need to be transferred to a new entity or consolidated within a single entity. A trademark assignment facilitates the transfer of the marks to the appropriate party involved in the restructuring.
4. Inheritance or Succession: Trademarks can be passed down through inheritance or succession. In these cases, the trademark assignment documents ensure a smooth transfer of ownership to the rightful heir or successor.

When transferring a trademark, it is essential to execute a written agreement, such as a trademark assignment document, to ensure the transfer is legally valid and enforceable. The trademark assignment should clearly identify the trademark being transferred, specify the rights being assigned, and include any necessary warranties or representations related to the trademark.

It is advisable to consult with a trademark attorney when navigating the process of transferring a trademark. An attorney can help draft or review the assignment document, ensure compliance with legal requirements, and record the transfer with the appropriate trademark office to update the ownership records.

By completing a proper trademark assignment, the new owner assumes all the rights, responsibilities, and obligations associated with the trademark, including the duty to maintain and protect the mark.

Can I license my trademark to others?

Yes, trademark owners have the option to license their trademark to other parties through a trademark licensing agreement. A trademark license allows another entity or individual (the licensee) to use the trademark under specified terms and conditions, while the ownership of the trademark remains with the licensor.

Here are some key points to consider regarding trademark licensing:

1. Licensing Terms: The trademark licensing agreement outlines the rights and limitations granted to the licensee, such as the scope of use, geographic territories, duration of the license, quality control standards, and any restrictions or exclusivity.
2. Quality Control: Trademark owners must exercise quality control over the licensed use of their mark to maintain the distinctiveness and reputation associated with it. The licensing agreement should include provisions requiring the licensee to meet certain quality standards and to allow the licensor to monitor and enforce those standards.
3. Financial Arrangements: The licensing agreement typically specifies the financial terms, such as royalty payments or licensing fees, to be paid by the licensee to the licensor. The agreement may also address issues such as minimum sales requirements, payment schedules, and accounting procedures.
4. Termination and Renewal: The licensing agreement should include provisions regarding termination, including circumstances under which either party can terminate the agreement and the notice period required. It may also address options for renewal or extension of the licensing arrangement.

It is crucial to draft a well-defined and legally sound trademark licensing agreement to protect the rights and interests of both the licensor and licensee. Consulting with a trademark attorney is highly recommended to ensure compliance with applicable laws, draft appropriate terms, and protect the integrity of your trademark.

By licensing your trademark, you can expand the reach of your brand, generate revenue through licensing fees, and gain exposure in new markets or industries. However, it’s important to carefully select licensees, monitor their use of the mark, and maintain consistent quality control to protect the value and reputation of your trademark.

Remember, trademark licensing involves legal complexities, and seeking the guidance of a qualified trademark attorney is advisable to navigate the licensing process and ensure that your rights as a trademark owner are properly protected.

If my trademark is registered in the United States, is it protected in other countries as well?

No, a trademark registration in the United States does not automatically provide protection in other countries. Trademark rights are generally territorial, meaning they are limited to the country or region where the mark is registered or used in commerce.

If you wish to protect your trademark in other countries, you would need to pursue trademark registration in each specific country where you seek protection. This involves filing separate trademark applications with the respective trademark offices in those countries or utilizing international trademark registration systems, such as the Madrid System or regional systems like the European Union Trademark (EUTM) or African Intellectual Property Organization (ARIPO).

International trademark protection can be complex, as the laws, procedures, and requirements vary among different jurisdictions. It is advisable to consult with a trademark attorney who has experience in international trademark law to guide you through the process and help you navigate the specific requirements of each country where you seek protection.

Registering your trademark in other countries provides several benefits:

1. Exclusive Rights: By obtaining trademark registrations in multiple countries, you can establish exclusive rights to use your mark and prevent others from using similar marks in those jurisdictions.
2. Market Expansion: Registering your trademark in target markets allows you to expand your business operations and protect your brand’s reputation as you enter new territories.
3. Enforcement and Remedies: Trademark registrations in other countries provide a stronger legal basis for enforcing your rights and seeking remedies in case of infringement or unauthorized use.

It’s worth noting that some countries offer certain benefits or simplified procedures for trademark applicants who have an existing trademark registration in their home country. These benefits can vary depending on the specific bilateral or multilateral agreements in place between the countries involved.

To ensure comprehensive protection for your trademark, it is crucial to develop a strategic international trademark filing plan and work closely with a trademark attorney who can guide you through the complexities of international trademark registration and help you navigate the specific requirements of each jurisdiction.

Can I register my trademark in Europe?

Yes. The Madrid Protocol enables trademark applicants to file one trademark application and select a series of countries (or all of Europe) for trademark protection.

Is there such a thing as an “International Trademark”?

While there is no universal “International Trademark” that provides worldwide protection in a single registration, there are systems and agreements in place that facilitate the process of obtaining trademark protection in multiple countries.

The most well-known international trademark registration system is the Madrid System, administered by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). The Madrid System allows trademark owners to file a single international application, designating multiple member countries for protection. This streamlines the process and reduces the administrative burden of filing individual applications in each country.

Under the Madrid System, an international trademark registration is based on a home registration or application in a member country. The international registration extends the protection to other member countries chosen by the applicant. However, it’s important to note that each designated country will independently examine and determine the registrability of the mark based on its national laws.

Another example is the European Union Trademark (EUTM), which provides trademark protection throughout the member countries of the European Union. A single EUTM application allows for protection in all EU member states, simplifying the registration process for businesses operating within the EU.

While these systems facilitate the process of obtaining trademark protection in multiple countries, it’s important to recognize that trademark laws and requirements still vary among jurisdictions. The scope of protection and the examination processes can differ, and the rights granted by international registrations are dependent on the individual laws of each country.

It’s crucial to consult with a trademark attorney or intellectual property professional who can guide you through the international trademark registration process, help you select the appropriate filing strategies, and navigate the specific requirements of each country or region where you seek protection. They can ensure that your trademarks are protected effectively and help you understand the limitations and benefits of the available international registration systems.

Why was my trademark application rejected?

There are a variety of reasons that your trademark application may be rejected. The most obvious reason is that the mark or something similar to it is already in use.

Other reasons for trademark application rejections could be that the examiner believes the trademark is too generic, too descriptive, includes a surname, or a name of geographic significance.

Your trademark attorney can advise you on your best response to a rejected application.

What is a trademark opposition?

Upon the preliminary approval of a trademark for registration by the USPTO, the mark is published to the Official Gazette for opposition. The idea here is that existing trademark holders deserve the opportunity to protest the admission of a new trademark that may not warrant registration. This Opposition is conducted through the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board (TTAB).

What is a trademark office action?

A trademark office action is an official communication from the trademark office that outlines issues or objections with a trademark application. The purpose of an office action is to notify the applicant of any deficiencies, conflicts, or concerns that need to be addressed before the application can proceed towards registration.

There are different types of office actions that can be issued by the trademark office:

1. Substantive Office Action: This type of office action raises substantive issues with the application, such as conflicts with existing trademarks, insufficient evidence of distinctiveness, or inaccuracies in the application. It requires a substantive response from the applicant to overcome the objections and move the application forward.
2. Non-Substantive Office Action: Non-substantive office actions typically address procedural or technical issues in the application, such as missing information, improper fee payment, or incomplete documentation. These types of office actions can usually be resolved by submitting the necessary corrections or supplemental materials.
3. Advisory Office Action: An advisory office action is a less formal communication that provides guidance or suggestions to the applicant without requiring a specific response. It may provide recommendations on clarifying the identification of goods or services, amending the description of the mark, or voluntarily providing disclaimers.

When an office action is received, it is important to carefully review the contents and understand the objections raised by the trademark examiner. The office action will specify a deadline for responding, typically within six months, although shorter deadlines may apply in some cases.

To respond to an office action effectively, it is advisable to consult with a trademark attorney. They can analyze the objections, provide legal advice on the best course of action, and help prepare a well-structured and persuasive response that addresses the concerns raised by the trademark examiner.

Failure to respond to an office action or to address the issues raised within the specified timeframe can result in the abandonment of the trademark application. Therefore, it is crucial to give prompt attention to office actions and work closely with a trademark attorney to ensure a comprehensive and timely response.

What should I do if I receive an office action on my trademark application?

If you receive an office action on your trademark application, it is important to carefully review the contents and understand the objections or issues raised by the trademark examiner. Here are some steps to take when responding to an office action:

1. Read and Analyze the Office Action: Thoroughly read the office action to understand the specific objections or requirements outlined by the trademark examiner. Take note of any deadlines or response periods mentioned.
2. Seek Legal Advice: It is highly recommended to consult with a trademark attorney at this stage. An attorney can provide valuable guidance, analyze the office action, and help determine the best course of action. They can assess the strength of the objections raised and develop a strategy to address them effectively.
3. Research and Gather Supporting Evidence: Conduct further research and gather evidence to support your position. This may involve examining relevant case law, conducting additional trademark searches, or compiling evidence of the distinctiveness or acquired secondary meaning of your mark.
4. Prepare a Well-Structured Response: Work closely with your trademark attorney to prepare a well-structured response to the office action. Address each objection individually, providing clear and concise arguments supported by evidence. Ensure that your response is compliant with the trademark office’s guidelines and requirements.
5. Submit the Response within the Specified Deadline: It is crucial to submit your response within the timeframe specified in the office action. Late or incomplete responses may result in the abandonment of your trademark application. Keep in mind that shorter response periods may apply for certain types of office actions, so be mindful of the deadline.
6. Maintain Communication with the Trademark Office: Stay in touch with the trademark office throughout the process. If you have any questions or concerns, contact the trademark examiner or designated point of contact to seek clarification or address any additional requirements.

Remember, responding to an office action requires careful consideration and expertise in trademark law. Working with a qualified trademark attorney can greatly increase your chances of overcoming the objections and successfully advancing your trademark application towards registration. They can provide valuable advice, help strengthen your arguments, and navigate the complexities of the response process.

How do I enforce my trademark rights?

Enforcing your trademark rights is crucial to protecting your brand identity and preventing others from using your mark without authorization. Here are some steps you can take to enforce your trademark rights:

1. Monitor and Detect Infringement: Regularly monitor the marketplace for any unauthorized use or infringement of your trademark. This can involve conducting online searches, monitoring industry publications, and keeping an eye on competitors’ activities. It’s also helpful to engage the services of a trademark watching service that can alert you to potential infringement.
2. Gather Evidence: If you detect potential infringement, gather evidence to support your case. This may include collecting samples of the infringing use, documenting instances of confusion among consumers, and preserving any relevant advertising materials, websites, or packaging.
3. Assess the Infringement: Evaluate the severity and impact of the infringement. Determine whether it poses a significant risk to your brand’s reputation, market share, or customer base. This will help you prioritize enforcement actions and determine the appropriate response.
4. Cease and Desist Letter: In many cases, sending a cease and desist letter to the infringing party can be an effective initial step. The letter should clearly state your trademark rights, provide evidence of the infringement, and demand that the infringing party cease the unauthorized use of your mark. Working with a trademark attorney can help ensure that the letter is well-drafted and legally persuasive.
5. Negotiation and Settlement: In some instances, negotiating a settlement with the infringing party may be possible. This could involve discussions around discontinuing the infringing use, modifying the use to avoid confusion, or potentially licensing the mark to the infringer. An attorney can help guide the negotiation process and protect your interests.
6. Administrative Proceedings or Litigation: If negotiation or settlement attempts fail, you may need to pursue administrative proceedings or litigation to enforce your rights. This may involve filing a complaint with the appropriate administrative body, such as the trademark office, or initiating a lawsuit in a court of law. Consulting with a trademark attorney is crucial at this stage to navigate the legal process effectively.

Trademark enforcement requires careful strategizing and legal expertise. It is advisable to work closely with a trademark attorney who can assess the situation, provide guidance on the most appropriate enforcement actions, and help protect your trademark rights through the enforcement process.

---

Why Trademark Registration Matters for Norfolk Businesses

If you’re planning on starting a new business venture in this Norfolk, then you probably have a million things on your to-do list. Each one of those tasks is competing for your attention. Many business owners will put trademark registration on the “back burner” thinking they’ll take care of it another time. However, that could be a costly mistake.

Imagine the following: Stan has recently perfected a recipe for potato chips. His friends and family agree they are the best they’ve ever tasted. Stan decides to turn his passion for chips into a business. He calls his new creation Natural Choice Chips because he doesn’t add any artificial flavors or preservatives.

Stan knows about trademark registration but doesn’t think that it’s something he needs to worry about because his business is so small. He purchases the equipment needed to make chips on a large scale, orders branded bags and creates a website. Stan’s plan is to sell the chips through his website and try to get them onto local grocery store shelves.

Stan’s chips become very popular in just a few months. Website sales are up and several stores are carrying his Natural Choice Chips. Now, even stores in neighboring states want to start stocking his product. Sam never imagines his product would take off so quickly!

However, Stan’s dreams are about to get crushed. A large chip manufacturer has been working on a line of chips also called Natural Choice. The product is being test-marketed right now, but they have secured the trademark rights to the name. Soon, Stan will receive a cease-and-desist letter and he’ll have no choice but to comply.

Trademark registration is a necessary step for businesses of all sizes. When you own your trademark, then you can confidently invest in your brand and your business.

If you have questions about trademark registration, then contact the attorneys at Cohn Legal for a no-cost trademark consultation.

** Cohn Legal, PLLC is not located in Norfolk and yet it can assist businesses from Virginia in registering a federal Trademark because trademarks are governed under federal law.

---

Trademarks Services for Norfolk Businesses

• Trademark Search Services
• Trademark Application Filing
• Trademark Infringement Defense
• Trademark a Name
• Trademark a Phrase
• Trademark Cease and Desist Letters
• Trademark Office Action Response
• Trademark Abandonment